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Paolo Cirio is an Italian conceptual artist and hacktivist. His art concerns fields such as copyright, privacy, finance, democracy, militarism, cyber-security, and transmedia fiction. ==Career== In 2002, Cirio staged his first international media disturbance called (Anti-Nato Day ), considered an act of Hacktivism. It took on the shape of a virtual sit-in (DDoS attack) in the NATO website through a Flash Player script. The Canadian Department of National Defence investigated the action and the Eisenhower Institute used it as a case study to identify future vulnerabilities in space security. Cirio promoted the action through an anti-war web portal called StopTheNato.org, which he designed and updated periodically until 2006. In 2004, Cirio joined the (Illegal Art Show network ), which organized street art happenings in Italy in line with the Temporary Autonomous Zone-philosophy. They occupied public spaces and invited artists to create artwork. Cirio created several street art street art pieces and organized three such events independently: two in Turin in 2004 () and a third in London in 2005 (). In 2005, Cirio worked on the project ''Google Will Eat Itself'' () ''(GWEI)'' in conjunction with Alessandro Ludovico and Ubermorgen. This project questioned the information monopoly of Google and its revenue model. Cirio hacked Google's AdSense service by creating internet bots generating a click fraud in order to buy Google's share with its own money stolen through the fraudulent scheme. In an attempt to stop the project, Google sent a cease and desist letter to the artists. () ''Face to Facebook'', ''Amazon Noir'' and ''Google Will Eat Itself'' together form the ''Hacking Monopolism Trilogy''. () 〔Cirio, Paolo and Alessandro Ludovicio. 2013. ''The hacking monopolism trilogy''. ISEA International. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9673.〕 In 2006, to criticize the abuse of copyright laws for the protection of digital content, Cirio created the project ''Amazon Noir'' () in collaboration with Alessandro Ludovico and Ubermorgen in 2006. He eluded the protection from Amazon.com with internet bots using the front door of the "search inside" service. He scraped complete texts of books, reassembled them into PDF files and illegally redistributed them for free. () The company refused to comment on the action.〔Transcript from the lecture delivered at the University Paris 8 on 4 January 2012.〕 Since 2009, Cirio has been working with experimental storytelling which involves actors and audiences generating and presenting real and fictional stories across various media platforms. He has been developing a new method of tactical fiction, called "Recombinant Fiction." () This political genre of transmedia storytelling has resulted in two projects: ''Drowning NYC'' (2010) and ''The Big Plot'' (2009). Cirio has presented his theories and related projects at the Courtauld Institute of Art in London, () the National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens, () the LABoral Centro de Arte y Creación Industrial, () the Inter-Society for the Electronic Arts, () and the Rotterdam Film Festival (). Cirio has developed an in-depth workshop program, entitled ''Tactical Transmedia Fiction'', that he leads internationally. In 2010, in reaction to the late-2000s financial crisis, Cirio created the piece ''P2P Gift Credit Card - Gift Finance''. Cirio issued thousands of counterfeited illicit VISA credit cards in order to design a visionary monetary policy, named "Gift Finance", which is meant to be a participatory and interest-free basic income guarantee system. Cirio has presented numerous lectures about his theories on critical finance and Gift Finance. In 2012, he was invited to curate a panel about alternative economic models for ''Creative Destruction'', an exhibition organized by the Whitney Museum Independent Study Program that addressed the economic recession and the related Occupy Wall Street protests. Since 2011, Cirio has been addressing the cultural shift and mainstream media attention toward popular perceptions of privacy and ownership of public and personal information, with the projects ''Street Ghosts'', ''Persecuting.US'' and ''Face to Facebook''. The methodology used to create these artworks was eventually formalized in a series called ''Anti-Social Sculptures'' (). In 2011, Cirio created ''Face to Facebook'' with Alessandro Ludovico. () For this piece, Cirio scraped one million Facebook profiles, filtered them with facial recognition software, and published 250000 of them onto Lovely-Faces.com, () a mock dating website designed by Cirio, with the profiles sorted according to facial expressions. This resulted in eleven lawsuit threats, five death threats, () and four cease and desist letters from Facebook. () Within a few days, the project was covered by more than a thousand media outlets from around the world, () including CNN, ''Apple Daily'', Fox News, ''Tagesschau'', ''Der Spiegel'', ''USA Today'', ''The Independent'', ''Haaretz'', and ''The Age''. With the ''Street Ghosts'' project in 2012, Cirio recontextualized photos of individuals found on Google Street View, by printing and posting life-sized pictures of people in the exact locations where they were photographed. The posters were wheatpasted on the walls of public buildings without authorization. These interventions took place in public spaces of several major cities, including London, Berlin, and New York. The project generated worldwide media attention, and was also featured in specialist magazines devoted to architecture, design, art, and photography. () () () () () () () Also in 2012, his web project ''Persecuting.US'' profiled the political affiliations of over one million Americans who used Twitter during the months leading up to the United States presidential election of 2012. Privately stealing and then sifting through data from Twitter, Cirio algorithmically determined users’ political affiliations. All of their information can be found on Persecuting.us (). In 2015, the work was featured at Utah Museum of Contemporary Art in relation to Global surveillance disclosures. In 2013, Cirio investigated offshore financial systems with the project ''Loophole for All''. () The project made public the list of all the companies registered in the Cayman Islands for the first time, exposing tax evasion practices by counterfeiting Certificate of Incorporation documents. This information was published on the website Loophole4All.com, engaging international participation through selling the real identities of anonymous Cayman companies for 99 cents; this elicited reactions from Cayman authorities and global banks as well as legal threats by multinationals companies, international law firms, and local Cayman businesses. After three weeks of selling conceptual and subversive artworks in the form of limited editions of firms’ identities, PayPal suspended the account, claiming the sales activity was in violation of PayPal's Acceptable Use Policy. The performance generated national and international media attention. ''Loophole for All'' has been exhibited in museums such as the ZKM in Karlsruhe, the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, and CCC Strozzina in Florence. In 2014 the Loophole for All project won the Golden Nica, first prize of Prix Ars Electronica. In 2014, Cirio created the ''Global Direct'' () project, a creative political philosophy that the artist outlined for worldwide participatory democracy within the potentials offered by the Internet. To illustrate the conceptual work the artist drew a series of fifteen Organizational chart to inspire values and functions for a global and participatory society. The fifteen diagrams of ''Global Direct'' were informed by the artist’s research into the social science of ancient, contemporary, and emergent democracy. In 2014 Cirio created ''Daily Paywall'' () by hacking the paywall of The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, and The Economist. Through his paid subscriptions and Scripting language hack, he obtained over 60,000 news articles published during the course of 2014. The pay-per-view content was available for free on the website DailyPaywall.com and the artist proposed to pay people to read featured financial articles for the sake of general public awareness (). Cirio conceived a provocative sharing economy model, where social and exploitative crowdsource practices were put in place to allow and incentivize people to access information on global economic matters. Using this system, readers were able to earn money for every quiz they correctly completed and journalists were able to claim compensation for their work. Everyone could donate any amount to crowdfund the system. After a few days, the ISP hosting DailyPaywall.com disabled the site after receiving complaints of international Copyright infringement from Pearson PLC, the largest education and publisher company in the world and owner of the Financial Times and The Economist. Also The Wall Street Journal proceeded to terminate the artist’s subscription due to a violation of their Terms of Service. The entire artistic act was pre-scripted as a performance for illustrating critical issues on the Information economy that Cirio outlined within the launch of the project (). During the spring of 2015 Cirio conducted the street art campaign ''OVEREXPOSED'' () concerning the aftermath of Edward Snowden’s global surveillance disclosures. He disseminated on public walls social media photos of high-ranking U.S. intelligence officials of NSA, CIA and FBI, who were accountable for political measures or advocacy for unconstitutional surveillance and espionage programs. The photos, mostly selfies from Facebook and Twitter accounts of civilians, were rendered with a particular technique called ''High Definition Stencils'' () invented by the artist for the street art campaign that took place in NYC, London, Berlin and Paris between April and May 2015. The intervention generated media coverage and public interest internationally and particularly in Germany in connection to the German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal. Cirio has also collaborated also with various artists and collectives, such as RTMark, () Stewart Home () and Bruce Sterling. In addition, he was part of the Italian net.art collective ().〔Brouwer, Joke, and Arjen Mulder. 2007. ''Interact or die!: Dutch Electronic Art festival 2007''. Rotterdam: Uitgeverij NAi.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paolo Cirio」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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